However, many studies do not find a relation between menopause and mood, even when vasomotor symptoms have not been controlled for.

Future research needs to focus on developing a better understanding of women who may be at risk for mood effects of the menopause transition and whether there is a pattern in response to periods of hormonal fluctuations. Fig. Here it is very clear how geopolitical discourse was presented as factual and objective, but that it tied clearly into developing a normative sense of US identity through the creation of the USSR as entirely different and other to America. Further, because most studies involve retrospective reporting of reproductive and psychiatric history, there is the inherent problem of selective recall among women experiencing problems at the time of the study. For example, when the USSR was constructed as being completely unlike the United States, any description of the USSR as evil, aggressive, and unreasonable implies goodness, tolerance, and reason on the part of Americans. As well as the more obvious discourses emanating from politicians, attention has also been turned to popular forms of geopolitics through explorations of film and other popular media. Brodie argues that, in order to achieve the determined political goal, soldiers have no responsibility other than revealing military advantages and disadvantages at the decision stage, and that it is the responsibility of civilians to account for the economic, political, and other risks that may occur as a result of this military state. Codes and definition of overall FT of falling accidents. Based on the domino theory in safety management (Heinrich et al., 1980), the causes of fall accidents at work can be classified into: 1. accident locations and situation (such as falling caused by pier column construction, falling caused by section block construction, and falling caused by uncoordinated behavior) and their detail; 2. indirect causes and their detail (such as unsafe behaviors, unsafe equipment and unsafe environments); and 3. primary causes (including improper safety plans, inappropriate environment maintenance, insufficient safety training, and poor safety management). These results suggest that other factors mediate the relation between hormonal level and these variables. More recently, accident theories have broadened their scope to consider the interaction of factors (e.g., sociotechnical system theories) and the wider context of the system (e.g., macroergonomic theories) (Khanzode etal., 2012). These findings suggest that studies need to control for vasomotor symptoms in analyses of any direct effect of menopause on mood. At the end of World War II, the strategic superiority achieved by the United States with the atomic bomb caused the conventional warfare capabilities and large military structures to be viewed as insignificant. This possibility should be examined in future studies. To maintain the balance of power, the Nixon administration sought Moscow's agreement on strategic arms limitations and mutual nuclear deterrence, and tried to play China off against the USSR. However, the theory does not account for complex interactions that take place during injury. Researchers need to begin to develop and test models of these associations. However, many studies do not find a relation between menopause and mood, even when vasomotor symptoms have not been controlled for. The goal was to protect or gain sources of raw materials and markets, while denying the enemy overseas military bases. Research has shown that general mental health and male partner's health and limitations affect a woman's sexual functioning. Geopolitical discourse is clearly linked to identity formation. Although the postpartum period is not always associated with depression, women with previous depression, a history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or a history of bipolar disorder are at increased risk for postpartum depression [117]. For this purpose, the use of allies close to the hostile countries in the deployment of nuclear weapons and the use of war vehicles such as submarines were developed as alternatives. Epidemiologic studies of menopause and mood do not show consistent evidence of a relation between menopause and depression or other negative moods in the general population. 5. They also provide some support for the domino theory that vasomotor symptoms have an impact on mood. Studies have also looked at groupings of symptoms often labeled psychological symptoms, negative affect, or dysphoria. It has tended to be concerned with international relations and in particular with the geostrategic concerns of major powers.

This discourse made future political action appear inevitable, unless proactive actionsuch as containment or preemptive strikewere enacted here and now. D. Storey, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. Further, little research has focused on mood fluctuations (moodiness) and minor mood changes. Threat of the spread of Kosovar Albanian irridentism to Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Greece precipitated NATO's air war against Yugoslavia. The work of Ratzel and Mackinder are early examples of geopolitical writing with an emphasis on the geographic bases of political strategy. Factor analyses of symptom lists have quite consistently shown that vasomotor symptoms load on a factor separate from psychological symptoms. Different geopolitical eras can be identified characterized by changes in hegemonic power from the colonial era dominance of the likes of Britain and France, through the USAUSSR rivalry of the Cold War, to the current military hegemony of the United States. Thus, there is strong support for the social circumstances perspective that menopause per se is less responsible for mood effects than life events of middle-aged women. The designated linchpins were Germany, Poland, Iran or Pakistan-Afghanistan, South Korea, and the Philippines. It was adopted by both the Kennedy and Nixon administrations, rationalizing American intervention in Vietnam to save the rest of Southeast Asia (O'Sullivan 1982). As well as their codes and definition are summarized in Table 2. Joanne Sharp, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), 2020. Another important feature of this period is that strategic studies became an interdisciplinary field in which different disciplines from sociology to physics and statistics also contribute. The work of Ratzel and Mackinder are early examples of geopolitical writing with an emphasis on the geographic bases of political strategy. Domino theory captures the dynamics of injury event. Studies that have included measures of stress or life changes have typically found that social factors are highly related to mood, and often more so than menopause status. Menopausal symptoms are related to depression, but correlational studies of mood and hormone status have failed to show a relation between depressed mood and estrogen concentrations. Although some studies have found more negative mood among perimenopausal women, it appears that the majority of mood disturbance seen at the time of menopause can be attributed to prior depression, vasomotor symptoms, or non-menopause-related factors such as health problems or social circumstances. replace ancestry and social environment by managements lack of control, and adds basic causes (personal and job factors) and immediate causes (substandard practices, conditions or errors) to the dominos. In 1949, the Soviet Union's attainment of nuclear capacity was the beginning of the nuclear arms race, as well as the loss of the US's strategic superiority. Researchers have shown that estrogen can alter brain neurotransmitter activity in several ways, although the majority of this research has been conducted in animals and the extent to which neurotransmitter activity interacts with menopause-related mood changes has yet to be determined [22].

Emrah zdemir, in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition), 2022. There is no evidence that menopause is associated with increased mood disturbance on a population level, but an unanswered question is whether some women may be more vulnerable to mood effects of hormonal changes. Based on the domino theory and safety management concepts (Jitwasinkul and Hadikusumo, 2011; Lingard and Rowlinson, 2005), four primary causes which results in the occurrence of occupational accidents are: insufficient safety training, poor site environment management, poor safety and health management, and improper health and safety plan. The most obvious reason why the United States lost the Vietnam War was the reaction of the American people, who could no longer tolerate an uncertain struggle against a people who had nothing to lose. One of the formative documents of the Cold War was sent as a telegram from Moscow, by George KennanMr Xa US official in the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. A more analytical approach to the study of accidents and injuries focuses on understanding the underlying causes of accidents that lead to injuries. Tung-Tsan Chen, Sou-Sen Leu, in Safety Science, 2014. Because the predictions that the Soviets would not be able to access this technology for at least 5 years came to naught, the Soviets acquired hydrogen bomb technology in August 1953.

For example, Heinrich's domino theory (1932) links accident causation to a sequence of events in which one event triggers the next (like the falling of dominos). Russia's historical geography, and not simply its political and cultural difference, was invoked to give this argument scientific respectability: the USSR was seen as an inherently expansionary force, which had to be kept in check. Community-based or population-based studies consistently show that in the general population of women, only a minority of peri- or postmenopausal women evidence signs of depression or other mood disturbance. One of the most important examples of this is that Robert S. McNamara came to the US Department of Defense and based the US Defense Policies on statistical evaluations. Germany and Japan emerged as the key military bases for the USA and its allies in the struggle to contain Soviet and Chinese continental power, thrusting the Allies' World War Two enemies into the strategic forefront. 6. Are such effects due to abnormal biochemical changes resulting from hormonal fluctuations, a woman's general sensitivity to symptoms, or a coping style? Rather than being concerned with understanding geographical process, geopolitics reduces spaces and places to concepts or ideology. However, it was clearly seen in this period that strategic calculations made only on numerical data may lead to the ignorance of historical and social realities as in the Vietnam War. Within the Cold War there are clearly demonstrable geostrategic elements within US thinking. Are changing hormones, vasomotor symptoms, and sleep disturbances independently related to sexual functioning and mood or is there a causal chain? Their dominance by the USA would effectively contain the Russian Imperial power, protecting Europe and Japan and, in the case of South Korea and the Philippines, preventing encirclement by China. In the 1980s, it is seen that the operational level or art was discovered in the US strategic approaches. However, only vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats have been clearly and consistently associated with menopause. As well as infantry and mechanized troops that lost their operative and tactical level abilities, airborne elements also lost these skills. In fact, depression is the only affective disorder to receive significant research attention. Here the emphasis on realpolitik is challenged by a view that refuses to accept the inevitability of current power relations and that affords the possibility (and desirability) of radical change. Samuel Huntingdon's famous (and somewhat reductionist) exposition of a clash of civilizations can also be read in this way. Iraq's subsequent withdrawal to pursue a non-alignment policy left the pact with no Arab representation and therefore limited capacities to counter Soviet influence in Egypt, Syria, and South Yemen. David Storey, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), 2020. Menopause is thought to alter central nervous system function as manifested by hot flashes, mood changes, and sleep disturbances. NATO, established in 1949, has proved an enduring strategic instrument. However, with respect to mood, the domino theory has some support. Disease metaphors were structurally very similar, relying upon notions of contagion or the malign spread of infection, again depending upon a simple notion of geographical proximity as the basis for social and political change. For this reason, it is a common belief that nuclear weapons should not be used at any level, causing the tactical level of nuclear weapons to fall into the background. Linkage was applied to detente with the Soviet Union and accommodation with China. The domino theory assumed that Soviets, communists, and socialists everywhere were unqualifiedly evil. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. A number of studies have found a strong association between vasomotor complaints and depressed mood both cross-sectionally (Holte and Mikkelsen, 1991; Hunter, 1992; Palinkas and Barrett-Connor, 1992; Oldenhave et al., 1993; Collins and Lundgren, 1995) and longitudinally (Holte, 1992; Hunter, 1992; Avis et al., 1994). Issues of risk quantification across each domino are not addressed in the theory.

For him, the key to preventing Soviet world dominance lay in US control of linchpin states (1986). The development of a more critical geopolitics through the work of people such as Gearid Tuathail/Gerard Toal has created a more politically challenging perspective on global political issues. As well as examining the geopolitical strategies of states and political leaders, geographers have pointed to the role of maps and mapping, together with ideas of environmental determinism (closely linked to scientific racism) as mechanisms through which colonialism was facilitated and justified. An American nuclear strike on Vietnam was essential in order to halt a Viet Cong victory which would set off a chain reaction of countries falling to the communists, like a row of falling dominoes. Research in this area has demonstrated the substantial role played by human factors, such as human error, ergonomics (interaction between people and equipment), personality, and risk-taking behavior, as well as broader factors, such as organizational policies and practices, cultural norms, and social climate. Further research needs to focus on developing a better understanding of women who may be at risk for mood effects of the menopause transition and whether there is a pattern in response to periods of hormonal fluctuations. Tactical nuclear weapons, which were developed against this tactical capacity of the Soviets, were not considered as an alternative to strategic bombardment based on mass destruction, but as a complement to it. Ray, in Safety Science, 2012. FT of falling accidents at cantilever bridge construction projects. This conclusion is supported by reviews of the literature on menopause and depression [25,113].

The role of androgens in women who experience a natural menopause has barely been looked at. Thus, there is strong support for the social circumstances perspective that menopause per se is less responsible for mood effects than are life events of middleaged women. It has been suggested that women with a history of PMS have an increased sensitivity to hormone changes [118] and that women with previous affective disorders that are cyclic or associated with reproductive events are at higher risk [25]. The psychoanalytic view posits that onset of menopause has a psychological impact on women. Zbigniew Brzezinski's geopolitical world-view was based on the struggle between Eurasian landpower and seapower. It has been studied as a psychiatric disorder as well as a mild dysphoric mood. However, Cold War era strategic approaches were too focused on nuclear deterrence under the influence of the ideological blindness of the time. The domino metaphor embodied a zero-sum game, a political system within which only two powers existed (the USSR and the United States), where only force could oppose force and where the unfolding of the process was inevitableonce started, the continuing fall of states was as unavoidable as stopping a line of dominoes from toppling once the first had been pushed. These were defined by their geographical locations which enabled them to exert strategic military and/or economic influence. Several researchers have proposed that whereas menopause does not cause mood disturbances in all women, there may be a subgroup of women at higher risk for depression or other mood changes [28,112,116]. The main reason for the development of tactical nuclear weapons is that the Soviets did not want to lose their World War II experience despite the deterrence of nuclear weapons, and they tried to protect their tactical and operative-level capabilities (Black, 2018). As well as examining the geopolitical strategies of states and political leaders, geographers have pointed to the role of maps and mapping, together with ideas of environmental determinism (closely linked to scientific racism) as mechanisms through which colonialism was facilitated and justified. The domino theory that vasomotor symptoms lead to mood disturbances has some support. We need research to determine if women vary in their rate of testosterone decline and if this rate changes as a result of menopause. There have been efforts to move beyond the geopolitical scripts of those in power while more attention is now paid to the gendered dimensions of geopolitics. Its members included Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and Britain. Further research should examine more closely whether asymptomatic women show fluctuations in mood. The effects of decreased estrogen on sexual functioning may be pronounced as women age. While androgens may not be linearly associated with sexual functioning, it is quite possible that women with particularly low levels of testosterone may have lower levels of libido. Accident causation theories emphasize that multiple factors combine to cause accidents, rather than having a single cause. The ways in which places and regions are reduced to their strategic significance within global power politics is reflected through the use of particular terminology. The inevitability of Soviet expansion was also expressed in metaphors of dominoes or disease. These regions became battlefields for both superpowers, each supporting local surrogates militarily, politically, and economically. A third doctrine, linkage, introduced into geopolitics by Henry Kissinger in 1969, was based upon the theory of a network that connected all parts of the world's trouble spots to the Soviet Union, and that US involvement in any single conflict would have an impact upon overall superpower balance (Kissinger 1979). These constructions and others such as some Islamic fundamentalist characterizations of a decadent West can be read as geopolitical discourses designed to frame events in particular ways. In order to avoid the horrors that could arise from the use of nuclear weapons, the use of less effective nuclear weapons in range and effect was seen as an alternative that could bring war back to the battlefield. The neutron bomb can be given as an example of a nuclear weapon developed for this purpose. The relations between these causes and the top event are connected by logical gates as shown in Fig. The concern over the ideological spread of the Soviets pushed the United States into an uncertain struggle in Vietnam without an understandable political goal. Is There a Relationship between Menopause and Mood? Different geopolitical eras can be identified characterized by changes in hegemonic power from the colonial era dominance of the likes of Britain and France, through the USAUSSR rivalry of the Cold War, to the current military dominance of the United States. The ways in which places and regions are reduced to their strategic significance within global power politics is reflected through the use of particular terminology. The use of air forces in the transportation and use of nuclear bombs led to the focus on the strategic use of air elements and to ignore tactical use of air force. He perceives the following five dominos: (i) ancestry and social environment, (ii) persons fault, (iii) unsafe act and/or condition, (iv) accident, and (v) injury.

A good deal of early critical geopolitical analysis turned to Cold War geopolitical discourse. The threat of credibility loss also served as a driving force in NATO's war against Yugoslavia. However, SEATO, formed in 1954 to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France's withdrawal from Indochina, collapsed with the US defeat in Vietnam, and was disbanded in 1977. In this definition, the concept of strategy reveals a perspective that emphasizes civilian responsibilities rather than military. However, it could not be claimed that the conventional military operations at the tactical level had completely disappeared. Studies that have included measures of stress or life changes have typically found that social factors are highly related to mood, and often more so than menopause status. Biochemical research on the neurobiology of estrogen and mood is an active area of investigation, but there is insufficient evidence at this time to support a biochemical hypothesis for menopause and mood disturbances. Kennan argued that the Soviet Union was absolutely different from the United States so there could be no possibility of compromise between the two. Heinrich argues that removal of any one domino (in most conditions, unsafe act of a worker) breaks the propagation of accident event. Again, geopolitics does not simply reflect the facts of geography but also in dividing the world into a state and the international realm helps to form geographical orders and geographical relationships. Although the neutron bomb was at a level that prevented the friendly troops from being affected by its destruction effect, it was a weapon with a high radiation effect (Freedman, 1986). Further research needs to focus more on these two symptoms. The domino effect can actually be seen to underlie the Vietnam War more generally. This mindset caused the US military and its allies to remain ineffective in Korea. The ways in which events such as the Vietnam War have been framed by filmmakers or the worldview refracted through other media are examples of the ways in which people, places, and events are represented and through which particular ideologies (often using simplistic representations of good and evil and particular constructions of concepts such as freedom) are disseminated and reproduced. The effort to respond to the struggles of the North Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong guerrillas, mostly based on an irregular warfare approach, with conventional capacity was one of the important reasons for the failure. If necessary, these tasks can be broken down into more detailed subtasks. Geopolitics is sometimes defined as the geographical dimensions of power (and hence seen as synonymous with political geography). Although the use of nuclear weapons is a new war technology, it has followed the strategic bombardment doctrine in terms of usage. Left unchecked, this process would continue to spread around the world, and would not stop until it reached the last standing domino, the United States. Much traditional geopolitical writing tended not just to be written from the perspective of a particular geographical and ideological standpoint but also from an assumption of inevitability. All those on the inside have particular character traits (or should have, in this normative vision) which are completely at odds with those of outside. Nancy E. Avis, in Functional Neurobiology of Aging, 2001. Understanding people's behavior not only provides an insight into how accidents and injuries occur, but also helps develop effective strategies to ensure that people use safety equipment, such as car seat belts and safety helmets, which have been designed to protect them. Therefore, strategic approaches other than nuclear capacity were largely ignored. Epidemiologic studies of menopause and sexual functioning show some impact of menopause on sexual functioning, but this does not appear directly related to changing hormones. Another important challenge at the strategic level was experienced beyond having a first-strike capability to have a second-strike capability to respond when faced with a nuclear attack. Based on the, Jitwasinkul and Hadikusumo, 2011; Lingard and Rowlinson, 2005, Occupational injury and accident research: A comprehensive review. This image of two distinct and incompatible territorial blocks was reinforced by political discourse whether Churchill's image of an Iron Curtain dividing Europe, or Ronald Reagan's depiction of the Soviet Union as an evil empire. A number of interrelated geopolitical concepts reiterated this binary geography in political discourse. Even more so than with dominoes, disease metaphors illustrated the necessity for immediate action in order to prevent the further spread of the malady. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. These included the invoking of the Monroe Doctrine (with the Americas as the US sphere of influence), the propounding of domino theory (that once one country fell to communism others would follow), and territorial strategies of containment (prevention of communism spreading beyond its existing borders). Clearly, depression is the most frequently studied mood in relation to menopause. A review by Blehar and Oren [117] on the psychobiology of depression concluded that biological factors (compared to genetic, environmental, and psychological factors) are the weakest in terms of what research can tell us about depression. Menopause is thought to alter central nervous system function as manifested by hot flashes, impaired sexual functioning, mood changes, and sleep disturbances. The circumstances surrounding work tasks that could play a role in triggering a fall accident can be analyzed by means of expert interview and literature review. The completed FT of falling at bridge construction projects are shown in Fig. Building on early geographically derived geopolitical theories, and holding static interpretations of global and regional spatial patterns, they introduced into the lexicon of Cold War geopolitics such politicalstrategic doctrines as containment, domino theory, balancing linkages, and linchpin state.